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Slide Text Space SUBMIT ALL submit all SUBMIT submit Submit Unmute volume instructor: andy wood data collection principles of doppler weather radar review lesson take your time and review the lesson content provided in this presentation. review lesson technical problems? if you encounter any technical problems with this lesson, please contact the rac team directly by e-mail at: nws.wdtd.rachelp@noaa.gov technical problems? complete the quiz at the end of this lesson, there is an embedded quiz. complete this quiz by selecting the best answer for each question. you need to correctly answer 70% of the quiz questions to receive completion credit in the lms. complete the quiz course completion review lesson review lesson complete the quiz technical problems? technical problems? introduction in order for nws forecasters to receive credit for this course in the nws learning center, you will need to take the following steps roadmap learning objectives identify the two main operational modes of the wsr-88d identify the advantages of operating the wsr-88d in clear air mode identify the three main groups of precipitation volume coverage patterns (vcps) and which vcps belong to which group identify which range unfolding algorithm is used based on the vcp identify the two waveforms used in the wsr-88d and their advantages identify the three waveform techniques used on the wsr-88d based on elevation angle data collection every wsr-88d scanning strategy incorporates: operational modes waveforms & waveform techniques operational modes clear air: designed for events with no detectable precipitation or when precipitation is light or small in areal coverage precipitation: designed for use when significant precipitation is present within the radar umbrella can i see the mode change? adaptable parameters variables that algorithm rely on to function changes only w/guidance from radar focal point or lead on duty clear air to precipitation mode two adaptable parameters significant: precip mode dbz thresh (default = 30 dbz) precip mode dbz areal coverage thresh (default =80 km2) precipitation mode to clear air one additional parameter to consider: clear air mode selection time (default = 20 min) operational mode vs. accumulation mode selection: hydromet preprocessing (precip accumulation): these are different parameters & processes! example of clear air accumulation waveforms contiguous surveillance (cs): use of constant low prf to get the best maximum unambiguous range (rmax) contiguous doppler (cd): use of constant high prf to get the best maximum unambiguous velocity (vmax) volume coverage patterns clearair: precipitation: vcp 31 vcp 32 vcp 35 vcp 12 vcp 112 vcp 212 vcp 215 clear air vcps slower antenna rotation rate = improved data accuracy vcp volume update time scan characteristics 31 10 min long pulse (60-90 pulses per radial) 32 10 min short pulse (180-300 pulses per radial) 35 8 min more elevation cuts, tilts similar to vcp 12 higher tilts = a more complete view of storms precipitation vcps best options for getting a full scan of storms vcp goal vcp options & scan times scan characteristics severe convection 12 & 212(4-5 min) optimized for severe convection general surveillance 215(7 min) longer scan times, but better data quality rf mitigation 112, 212, & 215(4-7 min) mpda: 112 onlysz-2: 112*, 212, 215 *vcp 112 combines both all elevations above 7o one full rotation using only the cd waveform all elevations between 1.8o & 6.5o one full rotation alternating between and high and low prfs all elevations below 1.65o 2 full rotations using cs on first scan and cd on second scan split cuts split cuts split cuts split cuts split cuts split cuts batch cuts batch cuts batch cuts batch cuts batch cuts batch cuts contiguous doppler contiguous doppler contiguous doppler contiguous doppler contiguous doppler contiguous doppler mouse over boxes to learn more waveform techniques each vcp uses a combination of these two waveforms to get the best rmax and vmax possible summary operational modes: clear air mode (vcps 31, 32, & 35) precipitation mode (vcps 12, 112, 212, & 215) waveforms & waveform techniques: contiguous surveillance (batch & split cuts only) contiguous doppler (used on all cuts) incorrect incorrect. the 200 series vcps use the sz-2 range unfolding algorithmincorrect. continue continue continue continue continue continue incorrect incorrect. the 200 series vcps use the sz-2 range unfolding algorithm continue continue continue continue continue continue incorrect incorrect. though a little true…the sz-2 is used in part of the mpda, but there is more to the mpda. continue continue continue continue continue continue incorrect correct! continue continue continue continue continue continue the ________ range unfolding algorithm is used by vcp _______. mpda; 112 mpda; 112 mpda; 112 mpda; 112 mpda; 112 mpda; 112 sz-2: 12 sz-2: 12 sz-2: 12 sz-2: 12 sz-2: 12 sz-2: 12 mpda; 212 mpda; 212 mpda; 212 mpda; 212 mpda; 212 mpda; 212 legacy; 215 legacy; 215 legacy; 215 legacy; 215 legacy; 215 legacy; 215 question #1 of 7 incorrect incorrect. there are just two operational modes for the wsr-88d based on whether there is weather occurring or not. continue continue continue continue continue continue correct correct! continue continue continue continue continue continue which of the following are the operational modes for the wsr-88d? clear air clear air clear air clear air clear air clear air precipitation precipitation precipitation precipitation precipitation precipitation biological biological biological biological biological biological aircraft detection aircraft detection aircraft detection aircraft detection aircraft detection aircraft detection question #2 of 7 incorrect incorrect. all the 200 series vcps use the sz-2 algorithm, and the 121 uses it as well as the mpda. continue continue continue continue continue continue correct correct! continue continue continue continue continue continue which of the following vcps use the sz-2 range unfolding algorithm? 12 12 12 12 12 12 112 112 112 112 112 112 212 212 212 212 212 212 215 215 215 215 215 215 question #3 of 7 incorrect correct! this is not an advantage of clear air vcps continue continue continue continue continue continue incorrect incorrect. because vcp 31 uses primarily low prf pulses, the velocity estimates tend to experience more dealiasing failures. continue continue continue continue continue continue incorrect incorrect. vcp 31 operates in long pulse mode which does improve sensitivity because the longer transmitted pulse increases power density. continue continue continue continue continue continue incorrect incorrect. slower antenna rotation rates allow for more pulses per radial which improves data accuracy. continue continue continue continue continue continue which of the following is not a result of using the wsr-88d in clear-air mode? slower antenna rotation rates leads to better data accuracy slower antenna rotation rates leads to better data accuracy slower antenna rotation rates leads to better data accuracy slower antenna rotation rates leads to better data accuracy slower antenna rotation rates leads to better data accuracy slower antenna rotation rates leads to better data accuracy one of the vcps operates in long pulse mode which improves sensitivity one of the vcps operates in long pulse mode which improves sensitivity one of the vcps operates in long pulse mode which improves sensitivity one of the vcps operates in long pulse mode which improves sensitivity one of the vcps operates in long pulse mode which improves sensitivity one of the vcps operates in long pulse mode which improves sensitivity velocity estimates in long pulse mode tend to have more dealiasing failures velocity estimates in long pulse mode tend to have more dealiasing failures velocity estimates in long pulse mode tend to have more dealiasing failures velocity estimates in long pulse mode tend to have more dealiasing failures velocity estimates in long pulse mode tend to have more dealiasing failures velocity estimates in long pulse mode tend to have more dealiasing failures beams scan at higher elevation angles, giving a more complete picture beams scan at higher elevation angles, giving a more complete picture beams scan at higher elevation angles, giving a more complete picture beams scan at higher elevation angles, giving a more complete picture beams scan at higher elevation angles, giving a more complete picture beams scan at higher elevation angles, giving a more complete picture question #4 of 7 incorrect incorrect. cs and cd do not determine the accuracy of the reflectivity and velocity estimates. continue continue continue continue continue continue incorrect incorrect. surveillance mode uses low prf to maximize range, and doppler uses high prfs to maximize velocity estimates. continue continue continue continue continue continue incorrect incorrect. vcp and prf choices are made by the radar operator, not the waveforms. continue continue continue continue continue continue incorrect correct! continue continue continue continue continue continue contiguous surveillance (cs) is used to _________, and contiguous doppler (cd) is used to __________. maximize range detection; maximize velocity estimates maximize range detection; maximize velocity estimates maximize range detection; maximize velocity estimates maximize range detection; maximize velocity estimates maximize range detection; maximize velocity estimates maximize range detection; maximize velocity estimates determine best vcp; determine best prf determine best vcp; determine best prf determine best vcp; determine best prf determine best vcp; determine best prf determine best vcp; determine best prf determine best vcp; determine best prf maximize velocity estimates; maximize range detection maximize velocity estimates; maximize range detection maximize velocity estimates; maximize range detection maximize velocity estimates; maximize range detection maximize velocity estimates; maximize range detection maximize velocity estimates; maximize range detection get the best reflectivity estimates; get the best velocity estimates get the best reflectivity estimates; get the best velocity estimates get the best reflectivity estimates; get the best velocity estimates get the best reflectivity estimates; get the best velocity estimates get the best reflectivity estimates; get the best velocity estimates get the best reflectivity estimates; get the best velocity estimates question #5 of 7 incorrect incorrect. please review the slide on vcp groupings continue continue continue continue continue continue correct correct! continue continue continue continue continue continue match the following vcp grouping with their respective vcps convective vcps 12, 212 general surveillance vcp 215 rf mitigation vcps 112, 212, 215 clear air vcp 31, 32 & 35 question #6 of 7 incorrect incorrect. please review the slide on waveform techniques. continue continue continue continue continue continue correct correct! continue continue continue continue continue continue match up the waveform techniques with the appropriate elevation angles. split cuts below 1.65 degrees batch cuts between 1.8 and 6.5 degrees contiguous doppler (cd) above 7 degrees question #7 of 7 rac principles roadmap <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style LeadingMargin="0" FirstLineMargin="0" Justification="Left" ListLevel="1" LineSpacingRule="Multiple" LineSpacing="20" SpacingBefore="0" SpacingAfter="0"> <ListStyle ListType="None" ListTypeFormat="Plain" Start="0" Color="#000000,00" BulletChar="•" BulletFont="Arial"> <BulletPicture Size="0x0" /> </ListStyle> </Style> <Span Text=" Welcome to the Radar & Applications Course (RAC) Principles of Doppler Weather Radar. This lesson is on Data Collection. Let’s get started!"> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" FontIsBold="False" FontIsItalic="False" FontIsUnderline="False" FontIsStrikeout="False" ForegroundColor="dk1,00" Elevation="Normal" DisplayCase="AsIs" LinkColor="dk1,00" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style LeadingMargin="0" FirstLineMargin="0" Justification="Left" ListLevel="1" LineSpacingRule="Multiple" LineSpacing="20" SpacingBefore="4.31999969" SpacingAfter="0"> <ListStyle ListType="None" ListTypeFormat="Plain" Start="0" Color="#000000,00" BulletChar="•" BulletFont="Arial"> <BulletPicture Size="0x0" /> </ListStyle> </Style> <Span Text=" Here is the complete roadmap for the entire “Principles of Doppler Weather Radar” section of RAC. You are currently in the WSR-88D Fundamentals portion of this section. Let’s keep going!"> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" FontIsBold="False" FontIsItalic="False" FontIsUnderline="False" FontIsStrikeout="False" ForegroundColor="dk1,00" Elevation="Normal" DisplayCase="AsIs" LinkColor="dk1,00" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" Here are the learning objectives for this lesson. Please take a moment to review these objectives, as the quiz at the end of this lesson is based on these objectives."> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" Previous lessons have explained how the radar transmits and receives energy in order to detect meteorological targets. Now we shall build on that knowledge to see how the radar collects data in the most efficient way possible. Every radar implements a scanning strategy to examine a volume of the atmosphere for targets. The WSR-88D is no different. The 88Ds use an operational mode to determine a Volume Coverage Pattern (VCP) that will employ a waveform technique to collect data. VCP specifics will be covered in a later lesson. Here we will focus on operational modes and waveform techniques."> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" The whole idea of the WSR-88D is to detect precipitation echoes, but the radars run 24/7. So, when weather is not present, the radar is still running. So, it naturally follows there are just two operational modes which are Clear Air and Precipitation. Clear Air mode is primarily used when there are no detectable precipitation echoes within range, or when there is light precipitation or aerial coverage is small. When significant precipitation is present, Precipitation mode is enacted. 
"> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" The operational mode can be chosen automatically by the radar or manually by the radar operator. We will discuss the automated process over the next several slides."> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" Many times, operational mode and VCP changes may not result in a noticeable change in the products you collect. This first image was collected in clear air mode (VCP 35). The next volume scan, which looks very similar to the previous one, was collected in precipitation mode (VCP 212). That smooth transition is by design, but it doesn’t mean that significant changes are going on behind the scenes. We will talk about that next."> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" Before discussing how the WSR-88D chooses the operational mode, we should briefly mention adaptable parameters first. Adaptable parameters are key variables the WSR-88D algorithms rely on to function. Although adaptable parameters (as the name suggests) can be changed, most of them should not be without proper guidance from your radar focal point. Radar focal points or lead forecasters on duty will generally be responsible for making any changes that might be needed. However, all forecasters should know these exist and how they might impact certain radar products. We will discuss those specifics periodically throughout the course."> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" There are two adaptable parameters that play a role in this part of operational mode selection (or what is sometimes called the mode selection function). When in clear air mode, the WSR-88D will use a reflectivity threshold to determine if radar echoes capable of accumulating precipitation are present. The default value is 30 dBZ. If reflectivity data exceeding this threshold exists, the radar will then determine if the echo coverage area that meets or exceeds another threshold. That default value is 80 km^2. If both conditions are met, the WSR-88D will switch to precipitation mode after the current volume scan is complete."> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" When in precipitation mode, the reverse process occurs with one additional adaptable parameter to consider. If the reflectivity and areal coverage threshold are not met, a timer starts. Once this threshold has not been met for a particular period of time, then the next volume scan will switch back to clear air mode. By default, this period is 20 minutes."> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" There’s one last point I wish to make about operational mode. Later on in this topic, we will discuss the precipitation accumulation algorithms. It’s important to know that the radar’s mode selection function is a separate process from precipitation accumulation. So, the radar can be in clear air mode and accumulate precipitation. Likewise, the radar can be in precipitation mode and not accumulate precipitation. Forecasters can get stuck on this point, so we will mention it again later."> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> <Span Text="
"> <Style FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text="
"> <Style FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=""> <Style FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" Just so you can see that concept in action, here is the One Hour Accumulation product from the same Reflectivity product example I showed a few slides back. These data were collected in VCP 35. If we step ahead one scan, we see small changes in accumulation as echoes propagate to the northeast on the first scan collected in precipitation mode. Prior to this scan, the radar had been in clear air mode for more than an hour."> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" Within each of these operational modes, there is a subset of different scanning strategies. Each WSR-88D radar pulse can employ one of two scanning waveforms. These are either contiguous surveillance (CS) or contiguous Doppler (CD). CS uses a constant low PRF to get the best maximum unambiguous range, while the CD uses a constant high PRF to get the best maximum unambiguous velocity. How these two waveforms are used depends on which elevation the radar is scanning. We’ll take a look at this next…"> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" The pre-defined set of elevation angles run for each operational mode is called a Volume Coverage Pattern. For Clear Air mode, there are three VCPs to choose from which are VCPs 31, 32, & 35. For the Precipitation mode, there are 4 different VCPs to choose from which are 12, 112, 212, and 215. In the next couple slides, we’ll take a little closer look at the general characteristics of these VCPs…"> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" The Clear Air mode VCPs operate using a much slower antenna rotation rate than any of the other VCPs. This is because the need for rapid updates is minimal. This slower antenna rotation, however, allows for more pulses per radial to be transmitted which allows for improved data accuracy. The total volume update time for the VCPs 31 and 32 is around 10 minutes. VCP 35 has more tilts and takes only 8 minutes to complete, but you get fewer pulses per radial than the other two. One last thing to note is VCP 31 is the only VCP to use long pulse mode for transmission. This long pulse mode allows for greater power density within the beam and therefore increases the sensitivity of the radar by roughly 3 dB. However, the VCP primarily uses low PRF pulses which leads to higher velocity dealiasing failures. Let’s take a look at the Precipitation VCPs next…"> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" The Precipitation VCPs are the best options to choose during significant precipitation events because they scan to higher elevations, therefore giving you a more complete picture of the storms. The four VCPs can be divided up into 3 main groupings: Severe Convection, General Surveillance, and RF Mitigation. The Severe Convection grouping consists of VCP 12 and 212. Both VCPs 12 and 212 provides good coverage in the lower levels with fast update times. The only significant difference between them results from the range folding mitigation technique used. VCP 215 was developed for general surveillance situations that don’t require the extensive low-level coverage of VCPs 12 or 212. Finally, recent upgrades to the WSR-88D have come with new techniques to improve range folding mitigation which are included with VCPs 112, 212, and 215. The 200 series VCPs use the SZ-2 algorithm to unfold range ambiguities and recover velocity estimates in weaker signals. VCP 112 uses both the SZ-2 algorithm and a different technique called the Multiple PRF Dealiasing Algorithm (MPDA)."> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" There are three main grouping of elevation angles with the WSR-88D. Mouse over each of the descriptions on the right to see which elevations are included and what the scanning strategy is for each of those elevations. Split cut elevations include all elevations below 1.65 degrees. Each elevation consists of two full scans with the first one being in CS mode and the second scan being in CD mode. In the Batch elevations, which include all elevations between 1.8 degrees and 6.5 degrees, each elevation does one full scan where the pulses alternate between high and low PRF. Finally, all elevations above 7 degrees perform one scan using the CD mode only. "> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" In summary, the WSR-88D uses two operational modes to determine which VCPs are available for use. In Clear Air mode, there are three VCPs. In Precipitation mode, there are four. The VCP Selection lesson will discuss all of these VCPs in more detail.
"> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" As the radar scans the atmosphere, it uses two waveforms. Contiguous surveillance waveforms attempt to maximize the unambiguous range while Contiguous Doppler waveforms attempt to maximize the unambiguous velocity. The elevation tilt determines which waveforms are implemented in its waveform techniques. Split cuts perform separate full sweeps of CS or CD waveforms. Batch cuts alternate between CS and CD waveforms throughout the sweep. At higher tilts, the radar uses CD waveforms alone because range folding is much less likely to impact returns.
"> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> <Block> <Style /> <Span Text=" When you are ready to proceed, click the next button to take the quiz."> <Style FontFamily="+minor" FontSize="11" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document> <Document xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <Content> <Block> <Style LeadingMargin="0" FirstLineMargin="0" Justification="Left" ListLevel="1" LineSpacingRule="Multiple" LineSpacing="20" SpacingBefore="4.32" SpacingAfter="0"> <ListStyle ListType="None" ListTypeFormat="Plain" Start="0" Color="#000000,00" BulletChar="•" BulletFont="Arial"> <BulletPicture Size="0x0" /> </ListStyle> </Style> <Span Text=" Congratulations on passing the quiz and completing this course! Here is the roadmap again for the RAC Principles topic so you can see what comes next. When you are finished, click the “Exit” button to close this lesson."> <Style FontFamily="Arial" FontSize="12" FontIsBold="False" FontIsItalic="False" FontIsUnderline="False" FontIsStrikeout="False" ForegroundColor="dk1,00" Elevation="Normal" DisplayCase="AsIs" LinkColor="dk1,00" /> </Span> </Block> </Content> </Document>