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Accurate and timely space weather information is vital in mitigating storm impacts on our technological infrastructure. Primary uses of space weather services include the following:
1. Aviation Operators use crucial information on space weather impacts – such as communication outages, potentially harmful radiation, and navigation errors – to adjust routes and altitudes. Human Spaceflight activities are altered to avoid or mitigate effects of radiation storms impacting crews and technological systems.
2. Electric Power Grid Operators use geomagnetic storm detection and warning products to maximize power grid stability and to mitigate power grid component damage and large-scale blackouts.
3. Pipeline Managers routinely receive alerts and warnings to help them provide an efficient and long-lived system. Rapidly fluctuating geomagnetic fields can induce currents into pipelines. During these times, flow meters in the pipeline can transmit erroneous flow information, and the corrosion rate of the pipeline is dramatically increased.
4. Communications Operators anticipate and react to space weather activity to mitigate impacts occurring over a wide range of communications frequencies used by emergency management officials, search and rescue systems, and many others.
5. Telecommunication Lines - Geomagnetic storms have the capability to generate spurious electric currents in long conductions like oil pipelines, power lines, and telecommunication lines resulting in faster corrosion and disruption of services.
6. Satellite Operators - Geomagnetic storms and increased solar ultraviolet emission heat the Earth’s upper atmosphere, causing it to expand. This results in increased drag on objects in space, causing them to slow and change orbit slightly.
7. Spacecraft Operations and Design staff rely on space weather products to avoid electronic problems. Space weather effects on satellites vary from simple repairs to total mission failure. Spacecraft Launch Operators use radiation products to avoid electronic problems on navigation systems, preventing launch vehicles from going off course and being destroyed.
8. Navigation Systems depend on space weather information to ensure the integrity and safe use of electronic navigational systems, such as GPS. Surveying and Drilling Operations rely on accurate and timely space weather products for safe and efficient high-resolution land surveying and sea drilling.